For lightweight construction, different steel and aluminum materials with various thicknesses can be welded together, depending on the dimensions and the individual functions of the workpiece. Specifically for frame and body construction, remote laser beam welding has been established as a suitable and efficient joining method for similar material seams for several years. In contrast to joining similar materials, thermal joining of steel and aluminum alloys includes different technological challenges due to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic phases, which decreases the strength and the formability of the dissimilar joints. In the context of these requirements, the presented results show, besides the influence of different steel materials, particularly the influence of different sheet thicknesses and thickness ratios on the appropriate process parameters for remote laser beam welded lap joints of steel and aluminum alloys, respectively. Different thickness ratios, process parameters, and material properties affect the geometrical formation of the weld seam regarding penetration depth tE and weld width b, which mainly influences the composition of the molten bath and accordingly the transmittable forces. Within the scope of the presented investigations, dissimilar joints of the steel materials such as HX220LAD+Z100, 22MnB5+AS150, and 1.4301 as well as the aluminum alloy such as AA6016-T4 are characterized. Among others, the influences of the energy per unit length, material grade, and sheet thickness ratio on the achievable strengths were analyzed. The characterization of the dissimilar joints includes tensile shear tests and metallographic analyses, depending on the energy per unit length.